Normality and Normalisation
In its earliest use, the word normal meant âperpendicular; forming a right angleâ like something normÄlis (âmade according to a carpenterâs squareâ). In Late Latin, however, normÄlis had come to mean âaccording to a ruleâ. This is where the modern English interpretation of the word, established towards the end of the 19th century, originates from, and what explains the wordâs usage to denote social standards. For example, heterosexuality in the early 20th century was normal [@harper2021].
The notion that a thing can be normal is intrinsically tied to the technics of the modern bureaucratic state. Here, I am referring specifically to a concept used by Lewis Mumford to refer to the interplay of the social and the and technological or mechanical realms of human innovation. In Technics and Civilization, he writes: âTo understand the dominating role played by technics in modern civilization, one must explore in detail the preliminary period of ideological and social preparation. Not merely must one explain the existence of the new mechanical instruments: one must explain the culture that was ready to use them and profit by them so extensively.â [@mumford1934, p. 4]
This is reflected in the word used to describe the discipline in which normality takes centre stage: Statistics. It is no accident that the words state to denote a political entity and the word statistics share see same root, see Foucault (1975, p. 101). It is this field which assumes that the characteristics of human bodies, the parameters of its experience or features of entire populations can be meaningfully measured and compared against each other. The final aim of this exercise is the construction of an ideology of purification that classifies human bodies, experience and collectives into normal and abnormal, governed and not (yet) governed, pure and impure. On the issue of normalisation as purification and its relationship to what Foucault calls âstate racismâ, see especially Society Must Be Defended where Foucault says: âWe see the appearance of a State racism: a racism that society will direct against itself, against its own elements and its own products. This is the internal racism of permanent purification, and it will become [in the early 19th century] one of the basic dimensions of social normalization.â [@foucault2003]. This ideology is so deeply entrenched in modern discourse that its removal from the discourse would render much of it unintelligible and meaningless [@link1997].
In its more general sense normalisation refers to the âprocesses that construct experiences and capacities of some social segments into standards against which all are measured, and some found wanting or deviantâ (Young, 2006). In the discussion of these processes and their modes of operation, Michel Foucaultâs work is of paramount importance.
Foucault distinguishes between two types of normalisation. The first being what he later called normation and the second being normalisation proper. Their difference lies primarily in their target object. While disciplinary ânormationâ as analysed in Discipline and Punish (Foucault, 1975) targets the individual body, normalisation, on the other hand, as analysed in the lecture series Security, Territory & Population targets entire populations. This is confusing because in Discipline and Punish, Foucault still refers to ânormationâ as ânormalisationâ as his refined understanding of the latter was not developed until his lecture series on gouvernmentality in 1975.
Let me treat each of those notions in turn:
First, in Discipline and Punish, Foucault describes normalising disciplinary practices or normation as the set of techniques which seek to identify and then homogenise (with minimal effort) any measurable deviation of bodies from a norm. The discursive construction of such a norm only becomes possible through close surveillance of individuals such that their individual characteristics can become subject to measurement, classification and, finally, correction. Here, it is important to realise, contrary to popular understanding, that in order to sustain disciplinary power through normation, the existence of the abnormal or the deviant is essential in that it renders the processes of bodily normation meaningful thus justifying its continued operation. In that sense, normation creates the mechanisms for its own expansion, the natural endpoint of which can be described as society in which every body and almost everything else is understood as either being normal or deviant from a norm in some measurable degree. In that expansion, normation often creates the need to invent new deviant categories: the homosexual, the person who went dark, i.e. seized to communicate in way that is trivial to surveil, or the person who refuses to wear a face mask in public. Whenever the pathologization of these categories is contested, it is important to consider two things in oneâs appraisal of such a contestation: The first is the alleviation of human suffering. Obviously, the assertion of homosexuality as non-deviant has had an unimaginably positive impact on the lives of many. Quite the opposite is the case when the norm of wearing of face masks during a global pandemic is contested. Importantly, however, both of these contestations are similar in one important respect. They do not challenge normation per se, but only quite specific claims about what exactly is normal and what deviant. In that sense, they remain locked within a discourse that cannot do without notions like normality and abnormality.
The second form is what Foucault later, more precisely in the third lecture of the series Security, Territory & Population, called normalisation âin the strict senseâ (Foucault, 2009, p. 63). It differs from disciplinary normation in that it is applied to populations as whole and not individual bodies. Foucault uses the governmental response to epidemics in the 18th and 19th century to explain the divergence of normalisation from the disciplinary normation discussed above. While in the disciplines, a norm is predefined and normation then operates to achieve fixed objectives such as how to hold the rifle and who to have sex with, the operation of normalisation now consists in âestablishing an interplay between these different distributions of normality and (in) acting to bring the most unfavorable in line with the more favorableâ (Foucault, 2009, p. 63). Imagine different states within a country. Suppose each of these states has different rates at which people succumb to COVID-19, thus creating different normalities. Then these different normalities are compared against each other to construct a temporary norm of what is demmed most desirable for the overall population. Finally, as Ladelle McWhorter summarises it succintly in her contribution to the Cambridge Foucault Lexicon: âThese population-enhancement techniques do not discipline individual bodies to fixed norms; rather, by changing the conditions of life of a population, they cause changes in the norms themselves.â (Lawlor & Nale, 2014)